1.
Spawning and Larval Rearing of
California Yellowtail Seriola lalandi,
Status and Future Prospects
Paula C. Sylvia,
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute,
Dr. Keiichi Mushiake
Fisheries Stock Enhancement
Department, Headquarters, Fisheries Research Agency,
3. Open Ocean Culture Of Kona Kampachi ™ (Seriola rivoliana) from Hatch to
Harvest
Slide show link
Presenter: Paula Sylvia (psylvia@hswri.org)
Neil Anthony Sims
Kona Blue,
Slide show link
Jesse A.
Chappell Ph.D.
Extension
Specialist and Assistant Professor
Department
of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures
125
Swingle Hall
E-mail: chappj1@acesag.auburn.edu
5.
Culture of Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus in a Closed, Recirculating System
Slide show link [PDF 1.96MB]
Reginald B. Blaylock
The
6.
Mariculture of White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis in Southern California
Slide show link
Mark Drawbridge
Hubbs - SeaWorld Research Institute
7.
Disease Surveillance in Wild and
Cultured Stocks of White Seabass (Atractoscion nobilis)
Slide show link [PDF 2.29MB]
Mark S.
Okihiro
California
Department of Fish and Game
8. Research on Aquaculture of Rockfish
in the United States.
Slide show link
Mike Rust
Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division
9. Review of Juvenile Production and
Its Problems in Black Rockfish, Sebastes
schlegeli
Slide show link
Mr. Masahiro Nakagawa
Miyako Station, National Center for
Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency, Miyako, Iwate 027-0097, Japan,
Tel: +81-193-63-8121, Fax: +81-193-64-0134, e-mail: mnakagaw@fra.affrc.go.jp
10. Current Status of Southern Flounder Culture and Stock
Enhancement
Slide show link
Harry Daniels
127 David Clark Labs,
11.
Construction of BAC Library from XY Japanese Flounder Using
Frozen Sperm Genomic DNA
Slide show link [PDF 750KB]
Dr. Hiroyuki Okamoto
Senior Researcher, Farming Biology Division,
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency
12.
A Review of Tuna Species Aquaculture
Around the World
Slide show link
Paula C. Sylvia
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research
Institute, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA
92109, USA
13.
Status Quo of Pacific Bluefin Tuna Seed Production in Amami
Station of NCSE FRA
Slide show link [PDF 660KB]
Mr. Hideki Nikaido
Amami Station,
Oshima,,
14.
Captive Spawning and Rearing of Larvae and Juveniles of
Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus Albacares
Slide show link
Daniel Margulies
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Slide show link
Ted Dunn
Maricultura Del Norte, Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
16.
Challenges of Reproducing Fish in a
Captive Environment
Slide show link
Penny
Swanson
NOAA-
National Marine Fisheries Service
17.
Visualization Tools to Probe Early
Stage Fish Abnormalities
Slide show link
Mr. Susumu Uji
Farming Biology Division, National
Research Institute of Aquaculture,
Fisheries Research Agency,
Nansei, Mie
516-0193,
Japan, Tel: +81-599-66-1830, Fax: +81-599-66-1962, e-mail: uji@fra.affrc.go.jp
18.
Techniques for Induction of Maturation, Artificial
Fertilization, and Larviculture in Japanese Eel
Slide show link
Dr. Hideki Tanaka
Reproduction Group Leader, Farming
Biology Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries
Research Agency, Nansei, Mie 516-0193, Japan, Tel: +81-599-66-1830, Fax:
+81-599-66-1962
Slide show link [PDF 868KB]
Dr. Akiyuki Ozaki (Secretary)
Farming Biology Division, National
Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Nansei, Mie
516-0193, Japan, Tel: +81-599-66-1830, Fax: +81-599-66-1962, aozaki@fra.affrc.go.jp
20.
Opportunities for Mariculture of
Finfish in the Southwest Region of the United States
Slide show link
Mark Drawbridge
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute
21.
Review of Pacific Northwest Marine
Aquaculture
Slide show link
Walt Dickhoff
Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division
22. Marine
Aquaculture in the Northeast US: Current
Status and Future Prospects
Slide show link [PDF 4.69MB]
Richard Langan
Cooperative Institute for
Slide show link
Charles. W.
Laidley
Finfish Department, Oceanic
Institute,
23.
A Novel Technique to Collect Gut
Contents for Studying Digestive Mechanism in the Abalone
Slide show link
Mr. Kentaro Niwa
Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture
Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Fisheries Research
Agency
Slide show link
Kevan L. Main
Mote Marine Laboratory
25.
Preparation of Marine Silage and Its Potential for Industrial
Use
Senior Researcher, Coastal
Productivity and Environment Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries
and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency Saeki, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan, Tel:
+81-829-55-0666, Fax: +81-829-54-1216,
Slide show link
Jeffrey E. Smiley*
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research
Institute
Slide show link
Steve Jury
MariCal Inc.
28. Use of Porphyra
Protoplast as a Food Substitute for Culturing Aquatic Animals
Slide show link
Dr. Takao Yoshimatsu (Panel Secretary)
Feed Group Leader, Farming System
Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency,
Nansei, Mie 516-0193, Japan, Tel: +81-599-66-1830, Fax: +81-599-66-1962,
Slide show link
John Forster
Forster Consulting Inc.,
SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING
OF CALIFORNIA YELLOWTAIL Seriola lalandi,
STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Paula C. Sylvia*, Mark Drawbridge, Ryan Greathouse,
Shane Hughes, Keri Maull, Lisa Goldie, and Dave Jirsa
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham St.,
San Diego, CA 92109, USA
Email: psylvia@hswri.org
Fish in the genus Seriola are commercially valued and
prized worldwide for their white, fine-textured flesh. The three most important species of Seriola for fisheries and aquaculture
occurring in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters are the yellowtail
“hamachi” (Seriola quinqueradiata),
the kingfish yellowtail, goldstriped amberjack or California yellowtail (S. lalandi) and the greater amberjack (S. dumerili). Commercial culture of hamachi (S. quinqueradiata) has been conducted in
other countries for several decades, including
Adult
Yellowtail
species exhibit prime characteristics for aquaculture production, such as fast
growth rates and low food conversion ratios, and adaptability to many different
types of captive rearing conditions. In
addition, a growing market in the
Keiichi MUSHIAKE*1, Hideki YAMAZAKI*2,
and Hiroshi FUJIMOTO*2
*1 Fisheries Stock Enhancement Department,
Headquarters, Fisheries Research Agency,
*2 Yashima
Station of
Email address:
mushiake@fra.affrc.go.jp
The
OPEN OCEAN CULTURE OF KONA
KAMPACHI™ (Seriola rivoliana)
FROM HATCH
TO HARVEST
Neil Anthony Sims
Kona Blue,
neil@kona-kampachi.com
Kona
Kampachi™ (Seriola rivoliana) is now
being cultured in the open ocean off the Kona coast, near the Big Island of
Hawaii. This presentation will outline the legal, engineering and biological
challenges that had to be overcome before this exciting project could come to
fruition, and this superb sashimi-quality fish could become available to
health-conscious consumers.
In 1997 and
1998, Kona Blue’s co-founders were involved in revisions to
An
integrated mooring array for Sea Station™ submersible cages and surface nursery
cages was designed by Net Systems, Inc., with assistance from
Kona Blue
also developed proprietary hatchery technology that allowed culture of a number
of marine fish species; several of these fish had previously never before been
cultured in the hatchery. Land-based grow-out trials were used to evaluate
suitability for offshore culture. S. rivoliana
distinguished itself by its adaptability to commercial hatchery production
using these techniques, its excellent growth rates and FCRs, and its superb
sashimi-quality product.
The first
fingerlings were deployed in March, 2005, to the offshore site, and the first
fish were harvested in September, 2005. These Kona Kampachi™ contain
exceptional levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. PCB and mercury levels
are undetectable at sensitivity levels 20 times greater than the FDA’s
allowable limits. The control of culture parameters from hatch-to-harvest, and
the harvesting of fish solely to fulfill orders provides for excellent quality
assurance. By the end of 2006, we expect to be harvesting 35,000 lbs per week
of Kona Kampachi™, shipping primarily to high-end Hawaiian and mainland
restaurants.
Culture Status of Sciaenids in the
Jesse A.
Chappell Ph.D.
125
Swingle Hall
Phone
334-844-9209
Fax 334-844-9208
Cell 334-321-1597
E-mail:
chappj1@acesag.auburn.edu
Department
Mail : http://www.ag.auburn.edu/dept/faa/
This
paper delivers an up-date on culture of several Sciaenids endemic to North
American waters for both stock enhancement and the consumer seafood market.
Investigations into culture and biology of North American drum began more than
thirty years ago and they are currently widely cultured for enhancing recreational
fisheries in Pacific and Atlantic/Gulf waters. Commercial aquaculture of
Sciaenids, although economically viable, has met with less than enthusiastic
regulatory support and consequently enterprises around their culture have not
been widespread. Future opportunities for commercial businesses remain
significant for many Sciaenids as bait, recreational species and as food fish
as long as a reasonable ability to deal with regulatory issues exists.
Culture of spotted seatrout Cynoscion
nebulosus in a closed, recirculating system
The
The spotted
seatrout C. nebulosus is the most
popular sport fish among anglers in estuarine and near-shore waters of
MARICULTURE OF WHITE
SEABASS Atractoscion nobilis IN
Mark Drawbridge*, Paul Curtis and Gabriel Buhr
mdrawbr@hswri.org
Research and
commercialization of marine finfish aquaculture has been limited in the
The white seabass is a member of the family Sciaenidae, which includes croakers and drums. White seabass are induced to spawn by manipulating photoperiod and water temperature. Broodstock maturation systems consist of 43 m3 pools that are recirculated. Females mature in 4-5 years and may grow to 40 kg. Eggs are spawned in batches of 0.5-2.0 million per female, with 10-14 day “resting” intervals. The eggs are relatively large (1.2 mm diameter) and pelagic. Egg hatching and initial larval rearing is conducted in 1.7 m3 cone-bottom, fiberglass pools that are recirculated and maintained at 18°C. Nursery systems are also recirculated, but they are larger (8 m3) and maintained at a higher water temperature (23°C). Growout of white seabass is currently conducted in raceways (30 m3) or nearshore cages (10-550 m3).
Larvae are fed live Artemia nauplii initially and then frozen mysid shrimp, before being transitioned to a formulated dry feed. White seabass are cannibalistic at an early age and require grading. Among the more common infectious diseases affecting white seabass are (1) protozoan parasites, primarily Costia sp., Uronema sp., Hexamita sp.; (2) metazoan parasites, primarily monogenean trematodes; and (3) bacteria, primarily Flexibacter maritimus and Vibrio sp. A herpes-type virus, viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV), and Piscirickettsia salmonis have also been identified from cultured white seabass on several occasions.
The aquaculture potential for white seabass appears to be good, although few growout trials have been conducted. Seabass reach 1.0 kg after 17-24 months depending on growing conditions and FCRs of 1.2 have been achieved in cages. An established market exists for wild fish, but due to fishing regulations their size is larger (2.0 kg minimum) and availability is seasonal (late spring – early summer). In market surveys, farm-raised white seabass received good reviews from industry professionals when rated for appearance, taste, texture, freshness, and ease of processing. The market value is currently estimated at $7.70/kg for fresh white seabass.
Disease Surveillance in Wild and
Cultured Stocks of
White
Seabass (Atractoscion nobilis)
Mark S. Okihiro
California Department of Fish and Game
Email: ms.okihiro@att.net
Success of
the Ocean Resources Enhancement and Hatchery Program (OREHP) in
M. B. Rust1 and M. Drawbridge2
1 Resource
Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division
2 Hubbs
Seaworld Research Institute
2595 Ingraham
Street
San Diego, CA
92109
U.S.A.
Research on
aquaculture of rockfish (Sebastes sp) on the west coast of the
Spawning of
rockfish is complicated by the need for internal fertilization and
parturition. We have only produced
successful spawning from fish held at low densities in a large display tank at
a public aquarium. Two methods have been
investigated for larval culture of rockfish in our laboratories. Larval culture has been successful using the
conventional intensive approach that utilizes indoor plastic tanks, high
stocking densities and enriched cultured zooplankton (rotifers and Artemia) and/or wild zooplankton. Quick studies using feeding success as the dependent
variable have been used to identify optimal environmental conditions such as
light intensity, amount of aeration and temperature for culture of several
rockfish. Another method used for larval
culture of both rockfish and cod is the Floating Intensive Seawater Hatchery
System (FISH). The FISH system utilizes
floating PVC bags as culture vessels to rear marine fish larvae. The larvae are fed both wild and cultured
zooplankton. This system was developed
so the whole life cycle can be carried out using a modified net-pen without the
need for a shore-based facility. The
FISH system was designed so near-shore marine species could be produced with
only minimal modifications to existing net-pen salmon cage structures and to
reduce the costs of setting up a hatchery.
Review of juvenile
production and its problems in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli
Masahiro Nakagawa
Miyako Station,
Juvenile production of six species of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli, S. inermis, S. pachycephalus, S. vulpes, S.
thompsoni, and S. oblongus) is currently being conducted in
Juvenile production of S.
schlegeli began in the 1970s. It is currently done by breeding juvenile in
large water tanks belonging to prefectural hatcheries or fishermen’s
associations. The technology for juvenile production of this species is now
considered to be nearly fully established, and its development in recent years
has been aimed at reducing the unit cost of juvenile. Juvenile of S. schlegeli costs 8.5 yen per 30 mm, a
relatively low unit cost among marine fishes. The survival rate of S. schlegeli up to a size of 30 mm is approximately
50 percent, but it varies widely from 19.6 to 81.4 percent. Therefore, the
survival rate is far from stable. Three patterns of mortality are observed
among juvenile: they die before or after 10 or 20 days from their delivery as
well as after 30 days from their confinement. Particularly noteworthy is the
fact that the mortality within 10 days after the beginning of delivery is
higher than at other times; it varies greatly depending on how the juvenile are
reared, and it still poses a problem. This presentation is intended to review
the results of research on juvenile production conducted at Miyako Station of
the
Current Status of Southern Flounder Culture and Stock Enhancement
Harry Daniels1, 2, Russell Borski2,
John Godwin2, Wade Watanabe3
and Ryan Murashige2
2North
Email:Harry_Daniels@ncsu.edu
The
southern flounder (Paralichthys
lethostigma) is an important commercial fish along the south
During the
past 10 years, progress in controlled spawning of broodstock, mass-production
of fingerlings and development of growout protocols has brought the culture of
southern flounder to the point of adoption by the aquaculture industry. Progress in out-of-season spawning has
increased the pace of research.
Information on temperature-dependent sex determination of southern
flounder has enabled culturists to produce more balanced sex ratios.
Commercial
stocks of southern flounder are being overfished in several states. Fisheries managers have begun increasing size
limits to reduce total harvest. Current
minimum size limits are highly selective for females (>85% of harvest);
higher size limits will further increase selectivity. With the development of reliable culture
methods, interest in stock enhancement of southern flounder has emerged in
several states. including
An overview of the development of southern flounder culture methods will be presented along with specific information on growth rates at different salinities in indoor recirculating systems, current work on sex determination and methods to produce gynogenetic diploids.
Construction of BAC library from XY Japanese flounder using frozen sperm
genomic DNA
Hiroyuki Okamoto1, Hiroyuki Nagoya1, Eiichi Yamamoto2,
Takashi Sakamoto3, Kanako Fuji3, Nobuaki Okamoto3,
Kazuo Araki1 and Ichiro Nakayama4
1National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423,
2Tottori
Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Tomari,
Tohaku, Tottori 689-0602, Japan
4National
Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura,
Progress in
genomic breeding for aquaculture requires several molecular genetics tools,
which will facilitate analysis of genetic linkage and synteny, or to clone genes
associated with desirable commercial traits. Such tools include a recombination
map, a physical (e.g. chromosome and radiation hybrid) map and genomic (BAC and
cosmid) libraries.
We have
constructed BAC and cosmid libraries from the frozen sperm of Japanese flounder Paralichthys
olivaceus. The BAC library was generated from a XY male fish, whose heterozygosity
was confirmed by examination of the male-female ratio of its offspring. This
BAC library contains DNA sequences from both the X and Y chromosome, and will
constitute a useful tool for the analysis of Y-specific genes. The sperm had
been frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer at –80 ℃ for more than one month. This study suggests that
frozen fish sperm can be used in the construction of BAC or cosmid libraries
even after prolonged storage. We have isolated several clones (e.g. MHC class Ia) using the BAC library to analyze the synteny among fish
species. Our results further indicate that freezing does not create any bias in
the library.
A REVIEW OF TUNA SPECIES
AQUACULTURE AROUND THE WORLD
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham St.,
San Diego, CA 92109, USA
psylvia@hswri.org
World
production of farmed tuna amounted to approximately 33,000 metric tons (MT) in
2003-2004. Currently, northern and southern bluefin tuna are the primary species
farmed (Thunnus thynnus, T. thynuus orientalis and T. maccoyii). However, bigeye tuna (T. obesus) and
yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) have been farmed in Mexico as well as
Central America and are now considered as alternative species for tuna farming,
especially those in warmer water regions.
Large scale tuna farming or ranching began in the 1990’s, primarily in
Tuna
farming has historically been conducted as fattening or ranching
operations. In recent years, efforts
have concentrated on two areas that are critical to the advancement of the tuna
aquaculture industry; research on closing the lifecycle and developing an
artificial diet. In 2002, researchers at the Fisheries Laboratory of Kinki
University in
Currently,
farmed tuna supplies more than 50% of
Status quo of Pacific bluefin tuna
seed production in Amami station of NCSE FRA
Nikaido Hideki, T. Takebe, N. Tezuka, K. Ide, H.
Imaizumi and S. Masuma
Amami Station,
Oshima,
Tuna is
one of the marine products being loved world widely, not limited to
We will
present for the outline and prospective of the seed production techniques of
bluefin tuna having been developed in the Amami Station so far.
Status quo and problem
We have
made the development of rearing technology of bluefin larvae since 1995 and
succeeded in rearing about 12,000 juveniles (average 47 mm TL) in 1998. However, the survival rate from hatch to
juvenile stage amounted to 0.1～0.3%. This is very lower survival than that of
other marine fish artificially rearing in
We
supposed that one of their causes of this low survival is that bluefin larvae
are sinking to the bottom of tank during night and after that die, though its
cause is not clear. So we tried the method rotating continually by using a pump
in order to prevent larvae from sinking. As a result, the survival rate in 2003
improved to 40% at 10 dah and 1.5% at 23～29 dah. The survival rate at 10 dah progressed more
to 60% in 2005. And the revise of food sequence was attempted so as not to make
the difference of growth in rearing larvae arousing cannibalism. It was possible that
to put off feeding on food larvae of snapper, that is, to continue feeding on
rotifer, is to delay beginning of cannibalism.
Prospective
The
rearing technology of bluefin larvae have been steadily developing and will
progress furthermore by resolving problems remained unsolved, such as
nutrition, deformation, virus disease, mortality from unidentified cause and so
on. Moreover, we should determine the genetic diversity before releasing a mass
of bluefin juvenile. Additionally, we should grope another ways like supplying
to the aquaculture.
CAPTIVE SPAWNING AND REARING
OF LARVAE AND JUVENILES OF YELLOWFIN TUNA Thunnus albacares
Daniel Margulies,
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Email: dmargulies@iattc.org
The
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) has developed a spawning
population of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus
albacares) in large, in-ground tanks at its Achotines Laboratory in the
The
yellowfin broodstock have been spawning daily almost year-round since October
1996. To our knowledge, this represents
the first successful spawning of yellowfin tuna in land-based tanks anywhere in
the world. Our research group has
described, in recent publications, the development of the broodstock and the
design of the rearing systems, growth of the broodstock fish, survival in
captivity, and genetic monitoring of spawning patterns. Several papers currently in press summarize
the courtship and spawning behaviors of yellowfin, their spawning dynamics in
relation to physical factors and daily ration, and early development of their
eggs and larvae.
Larvae and
early-juveniles reared from eggs have been used in a series of laboratory
experiments to examine growth and survival during the early life history. A natural product of these efforts has been
refinement of rearing methods and improved survival of larval and early-juvenile
yellowfin. Juveniles have been cultured
for up to 100 days, and are routinely reared up to 6 weeks after hatching. While our culture efforts with yellowfin have
been on an experimental scale and have ecological and stock-assessment
applications, the techniques that we have developed for yellowfin could be
applied to a resource-enhancement or commercial aquaculture project.
In this
paper we summarize some of the important aspects of our research with yellowfin
in captivity. We will discuss recent
research results on spawning dynamics, genetic monitoring of broodstock, and
recent advances to improve the feeding and survival of larvae and
early-juveniles.
AN OVERVIEW OF TUNA PRODUCTION AND FARM OPERATIONS AT MARICULTURA
Ted Dunn*,
Jaramo Ramos
Maricultura
Del Norte, Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
World production of
farmed northern and southern bluefin tuna reached 32,570 metric tons (mt) in
2003-2004. With a total of 8 permitted
farms with a production potential of 3500 mt, Mexican tuna farming operations
currently represent 10% of world production. The
majority of operations are located on the Pacific side of the Baja
peninsula. Tuna farming began in
Maricultura Del
Norte historically has been the largest tuna producing company in Mexico with
production increasing from 50 to 1700 mt from 1996-2004, currently representing
>66% of Mexican production. Fishing
bluefin in Mexican waters for farming operations have proven more difficult
than in other parts of the world. Many
factors such as water depth, fish behavior and unique weather conditions have
contributed to inconsistent and unpredictable seasons. Typical size at capture ranges from 15-45
kilograms, with smaller fish being caught in southern areas and larger fish to
the north. The catching season typically
ranges from July to late August but can extend into November, depending on fishing
location. Towing distances can range
from 96 - >800 kilometers. The
production cycle is typically 3-6 months, as in other parts of the world with
harvests typically beginning early in the Christmas season.
The tuna are fed a mixture of sardines and mackerel daily from 4%-7% of BW/D,
depending on the time of year and temperature.
Seasonal weight gain typically averages 30% of original biomass. Feed conversion ratio is 12:1. Water temperature ranges from 14-17ºC.
With increased
national and international interests and the development of a more skilled
workforce for these types of operations,
Challenges of reproducing fish in a captive environment
Penny Swanson
NOAA- National Marine Fisheries Service
Email: penny.swanson@noaa.gov
Reproduction
of fish in a captive environment is often met with numerous difficulties,
particularly when fish are of wild origin and the goal of the breeding program
is to avoid domestication as in many conservation programs. Various forms of reproductive dysfunction
have been observed, including skewed sex ratios, failure to initiate
spermatogenesis or vitellogenesis, lack of volitional spawning, asynchronous
timing of spawning, precocious puberty of males, poor fertility and low
fecundity. Many of these problems are
due to inappropriate environmental cues, poor growth, or stress in the captive
environment. Reproduction in fish, like
other vertebrates, is regulated by the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Environmental information is perceived and
processed by the brain ultimately leading to release of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus, which regulates the production and secretion
of pituitary gonadotropins. Two types
of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH) act on the gonads to regulate virtually all aspects of gametogenesis. Most of the actions of FSH and LH are via
stimulation of gonadal steroid production, however
recent work has been elucidating the role of several growth factors. In several species, control of reproduction
has been achieved by hormonal manipulations using analogues of GnRH,
gonadotropins and/or sex steroids.
Reproduction has also been manipulated with environmental cues such as
temperature and photoperiod. In this
talk I will review the endocrine and environmental control of reproduction, and
strategies that have been used to manipulate reproduction of several marine and
freshwater fish in captivity. I will
also outline strategies one might take when initiating captive broodstock
programs for new target species, methods to monitor the reproductive system and
methods to assess effectiveness of environmental manipulations.
Visualization tools to probe
early stage fish abnormalities
Susumu Uji and Tadahide Kurokawa
National Research Institute of Aquaculture
Naisei, Mie 516-0193,
In
Malformations
are discovered only at later stages, but we infer that they mainly occur during
abnormal organogenesis at early stages. We believe that malformations in early
stages are detectable using visualization tools for specific organs and cells. For
this purpose, antibodies and the organizational dyeing are suitable because
they are useful with many fish simultaneously. We found that many antibodies
and organizational dyeing methods are useful for commercial sea fishes. As
examples, antibodies to acetylated tubulin, a cell surface marker (HNK-1) and
a
Na, K-ATPase (a6F) are useful, respectively, to visualize the nervous system,
neural crest cells, and kidney in Pufferfish, yellow tail, and Japanese eel. Calcein
and alkaline phosphatase staining methods are also useful to visualize bones
and intestines. Using
these many tools to probe abnormalities, we can work efficiently to solve
malformation problems.
Techniques
for induction of maturation, artificial fertilization, and larviculture in
Japanese eel
Hideki Tanaka, Kazuharu Nomura and
Tatsuya Unuma
National Research
Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minamiise, Watarai, Mie,
516-0193,
The
Japanese eel is one of the most important species for freshwater cultivation in
Weekly
injections of salmon pituitary extracts (SPE) to feminized, cultivated Japanese
eels at a dose of 20 mg/fish induced vitellogenesis and oocytes reached the
migratory nucleus stage. Then most of the females received an injection of SPE
at a priming dose followed 24 h later by 17,
20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) ovulated around the time of 15-18 h
after the final injection. Repeated injections of human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG) at a dose of 1 IU/g BW/week induced
spermatogenesis, spermiation in cultivated males. Most of the males spermiated after the 5th or 6th injection of hCG, and
sperm motility peaked 24 h after each injection. Artificial fertilization
performed immediately after ovulation with pre-diluted and stocked milt
resulted in production of high quality gametes constantly.
Recently, a
slurry-type diet made from shark egg yolk has been identified to be a suitable
feed for captive-bred eel larvae. Although preleptocephalus larvae could be
reared with this diet beyond the depletion of their yolk and oil droplet
stores, it was still incomplete because the larvae could not be raised to glass
eel. The diet was then improved by supplement of krill hydrolysate, phytase
treated soybean peptide, vitamins, and minerals. Larvae fed on this new diet
has grew to 50-60 mm in total length and begun to metamorphose into glass eel
around 250 days after hatching. Body depth drastically decreased, black pigment
appeared at the caudal region and extended along the lateral line to the head,
acute and conspicuous larval teeth were lost, gills developed, eye diameter decreased,
and blood colored by the completion of metamorphosis.
We have succeeded for the first time to rear the eel larvae to glass eel.
However, the techniques for producing glass eels are not yet firmly
established. Further studies should be focused on larval diets and the rearing
regimes of the larvae to establish the techniques for consistent mass
production of glass eels.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis and
marker-assisted breeding for economical important trait in
aquaculture
AKIYUKI OZAKI1,
MASANORI OKAUTI1, SOK KEAN KHOO2, ERIKO OHARA3,
KANAKO FUJI3, TAKUYA HARA3, TAKASHI SAKAMOTO3,
and, NOBUAKI OKAMOTO3
1National
Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Mie, Japan, 2Laboratory
of Cancer Genetics, Van Andel Institute, Michigan, USA,
3Faculty of Marine Science,
Email: AKIYUKI OZAKI ,
aozaki@affrc.go.jp
In recent year, the development of molecular
markers and DNA analysis technology has completely changed analysis of
quantitative genetics. Because a systematic method for genetic breeding has
been established using the molecular landmark of genomic DNA. We can control
the phenotypes in genetic breeding, using molecular markers associated with
particular economic characters.
Genetic linkage maps based on molecular markers
are one of the important tools in these techniques. Marker-assisted breeding
using molecular markers can improve breeding programs for aquaculture species.
To identify individual loci controlling traits of economic significance to
aquaculture, it is presently necessary to construct a genetic linkage map based
on molecular markers at a large number of sites in the genome (e.g., disease
resistance, growth, fecundity etc.). Among these traits, especially viral
disease resistance has the first priority for breed improvement, because of no
medicines or commercially available vaccines.
Linkage maps have been published for a large
number of economically important fish species, such as Rainbow trout, Atlantic
salmon, Tilapia, Catfish and Japanese flounder. Among these, the genetic
linkage map of the rainbow trout and have permitted the identification of the
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) and
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) resistance in Rainbow trout,
Analysis of QTL has generalized in the field of aquaculture.
This approach in aquaculture clearly aims to use Marker Assisted Selection
(MAS) to improve economically important traits. Fish for aquaculture have many
advantages for QTL analysis. Also, systematic breeding programs including
hatchery management are needed for QTL analysis and MAS in the field of aquaculture.
In this study, the authors introduce our results
about the identification in the case of QTL about Infectious
Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) in Rainbow trout, including trial for
MAS. And will be introduce next target species for QTL analysis in aquaculture.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARICULTURE OF FINFISH
IN THE SOUTHWEST REGION OF THE UNITED STATES
Mark A.
Drawbridge* and Paula C. Sylvia
Hubbs-SeaWorld
Research Institute
MDrawbridge@hswri.org
Among the marine finfish species
currently being spawned reliably in the Southwest is the white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis (Family
Sciaenidae). White seabass eggs are
available year-round from environmentally controlled spawning of multiple
captive broodstocks. Wholesale buyers
are willing to pay $7.70/kg for fresh white seabass.
Immediately across the boarder in
Mexican waters, tuna and yellowtail are being caught from the wild and held in
netpens where they are “fattened” prior to harvest. The primary tuna species being reared is the
bluefin, Thunnus thynnus, but
yellowfin, Thunnus albacares, and
bigeye, Thunnus obesus, are also
targeted. Market price for headed and
gutted fish is approximately $24/kg for each of these species, which belong to
the family Scombridae. These same
species are found in
Among other candidate finfish
species native the Southwest is the lingcod, Ophiodon elongates (Family Hexagrammidae), and the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (Family Anoplopomatidae). The culture techniques to produce these fish
on a commercial scale have been developed in the Northwest and are transferable
to the cooler areas within the Southwest region. Other species being cultured at an
experimental level in the Southwest include the
Review of
W. Dickhoff, and M. Rust
Marine waters of the States of Washington and
Richard
LANGAN, Cooperative Institute for New England Mariculture and Fisheries,
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, rlangan@cisunix.unh.edu
The marine waters of the northeastern
Charles. W.
Laidley, Ken Liu, Aaron Ellis, Chris Demarke, and Augustin Molnar
Finfish
Department, Oceanic Institute,
Email:
claidley@oceanicinstitute.org
The Oceanic Institute has been actively engaged for several
decades in the development of technologies for the commercial culture of marine
warm water fishes. In recent years our
focus has been on local high-value species that are very popular in
The Pacific threadfin, locally known as moi is the most
“mature” of the three technologies with year-round hatchery production and
large-scale (peak of 200,000 fingerlings/run) growout in commercial offshore
cages off Oahu. Over the last few years nearly two-million fingerlings have
been cultured and stocked for offshore growout. Key hatchery concerns relate to
broodstock management, hatchery scale-up and recent declines in hatchery
productivity.
The longfin amberjack, locally known as kahala, is rapidly
emerging as the next commercial species with recent deployment of commercial
cages off the Kona coast on the
The bluefin trevally, locally known as omilu, may also be
amenable to year-round production but larval production appears limited using
rotifer/Artemia based hatchery technologies. However, OI’s recent efforts to
establish copepod culture technology for rearing a number of “difficult to
rear” foodfish and ornamental species may open the door to commercial
development of such species with extremely small pelagic larvae. Toward this goal we are focusing efforts on
optimizing and scaling up copepod culture technology that would allow for
commercial application in the marine foodfish and ornamental sectors.
A novel technique
to collect gut contents for studying digestive mechanism in the abalone
Kentaro
Niwa*1, Hideaki Aono*1 and Tomoo Sawabe*2
*1 National Research
Email: niwaken@affrc.go.jp
*2Laboratory of
Microbiology,
Abalones are commercially important gastropods in
Kevan L.
Main
kmain@mote.org
Marine fish hatchery and growout activities in the
southeastern
Preparation of marine silage and its potential for
industrial use
MOTOHARU UCHIDA
National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5,
Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan (e-mail: uchida@affrc.go.jp)
“Marine silage (MS)” is fish dietary materials
prepared from algae by a fermentative processing. The objective of this work is to report the
method to prepare the marine silage from seaweeds and refer to its future potential
for industrial use. The fermentation of
seaweeds can be performed by the enzymatic saccharification by cellulase,
followed by the fermentation process with the use of lactic acid bacteria
and/or yeast. This method can be applied
on any kind of seaweeds containing cellulose.
Jeffrey E. Smiley* and Mark A. Drawbridge
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute
JSmiley@hswri.org
HSWRI is currently collecting brood fish representing several species of Sebastes rockfishes that are typically found at depths >90 m. Following rapid depressurization from depth, physoclistous fish suffer from overinflation of the gas bladder, bubble formation in the circulatory system, and trauma to internal tissues that may result in hemorrhaging, swelling, and death. In order to alleviate these problems, we developed a relatively simple, low-cost, portable hyperbaric chamber.
This system was designed to quickly recompress fish brought
to the surface, and then allow for decompression over a period of days. The system was portable so that fish could be
transferred from the collection boat to the laboratory under pressure. The hyperbaric chamber was built from 30.5 cm
schedule 80 PVC and capable of continuous stable operation from 0 to 10.2
atmospheres. Pressure throughout the
apparatus was maintained by a pump that delivered continuous pressure and water
flow of 3.8 - 7.6 Lpm. Water temperature
was maintained at approximately 11°C by drawing supply water from a chilled sump. Numerous safety and monitoring features were
designed into the chamber including check and solenoid valves, a flow meter, an
oxygen monitoring port, and a viewing window.
These chambers were
successfully used for a total of 14 decompression treatments on cowcod (Sebastes
Aquaculture
and Stock Enhancement Technologies Based on Recently Discovered Calcium-Sensing
Receptors in Finfish
H. William Harris*1, Timothy Linley*1, David
Russell*1, Marlies Betka*1, Steve Jury*1,
Susan Anderson*1, Shinji Harakawa*2 and Akikuni Hara*2
*1MariCal Inc. Portland
Maine USA (www.marical.biz)
*2 Hakuju Institute
for Health Science,
Email: wharris@marical.biz
Recent discoveries that
calcium sensing receptors (CaRs) acts as a salinity sensors (Nearing et. al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
Based on knowledge of
the “ionic pharmacology” of CaRs, juvenile salmonids can be pre-adapted to
seawater while they remain fresh water.
Alternatively, marine fish species normally restricted to seawater can
be maintained under near freshwater conditions.
In this regard, the SuperSmolt® (US
Patent #6,463,883) and SeaReadyTM (US Patent #6,748,900) processes
are currently being licensed to salmon aquaculture and enhancement
producers. Both of these technologies are applied to fish reared in
tanks where mineral salts are added to the rearing water and fish are fed a
diet containing elevated NaCl and a naturally occurring CaR-reactive, amino
acid for an interval of 3-6 weeks. Thus, the resulting biological changes are
induced by manipulation of natural processes and do not involve genetic
modifications. These changes are monitored using enzymatic (e.g., gill Na+K+ATPase)
and physiological (e.g., seawater challenge, plasma chloride levels) tests to
determine development of optimal seawater transfer characteristics. In farmed Atlantic salmon, the SuperSmolt® process greatly reduces or
eliminates the deleterious effects of incomplete smoltification after the
transfer of smolt to seawater. This
improves both the growth and feed conversion ratios while reducing mortalities
during grow out in seawater. In Chinook,
Coho and Sockeye salmon, the SeaReadyTM process improves the
osmoregulatory and growth performance in the early seawater rearing environment
and preliminary data suggests that this will increase the number and
performance of adult returns. The SuperSmolt® process has been recently tested
and endorsed by EWOS a major aquaculture feed producer. By contrast, CaR
modulation in marine fish such as cobia (Rachycentron canadum) enables their
production under very low salinity conditions providing inland growers or those
utilizing recirculation technologies the option to produce high value marine
species.
Current research by MariCal and Hakuju is focused on
the role(s) of CaRs in the response of fish to electric fields via either
lateral line or specific electroreceptor tissues. Since a gradient of charged ions (Na+,
Cl-, Mg2+ or Ca2+) is likely involved in
salinity as well as electric field effects, CaRs in specific tissues may
provide a molecular means to “sense” and integrate changes in both the ionic
and electric field environments that fish may encounter. We conclude that
CaR-based technologies possess considerable promise to expand and improve
aquaculture and stock enhancement technologies in the
Use of Porphyra protoplast as a
food substitute for culturing aquatic animals
T.
Yoshimatsu1, A. Kalla2, T. Araki2, D.-M. Zhang3, and
1 National Research Institute of
Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Mie 516-0193,
2 Mie University,
3
4 Oriental Yeast Industry
Purple
lavers Porphyra spp. are known to be
one of the most nutritious macroalgae (red algae) and its processed products
are well known as the wrapping food material for a famous Japanese dish,
sushi-rolls. Porphyra contains very
high amount of various kinds of minerals and vitamins like vitamins A, C, E, and
a good source of digestible protein (ca. 30-40% in dry basis). In addition to
that it is notable that Porphyra
contains very high amount of taurine, an important amino acid for various
important aquatic animals. Recently efficient biochemical technologies for
mass-producing Porphyra protoplast
using purified polysaccharases isolated from bacteria was developed.
In the
present research, Porphyra protoplast
was prepared in the laboratory as follows. As the cell wall of this alga is
composed of three kinds of polysaccharides (β-1, 4-mannan, β-1,
3-xylan, and porphyran), three kinds of enzyme (β-1, 4-mannanase,
β-1, 3-xylanase, and agarase) were produced from some kind of bacteria
which have been isolated from marine environments. Suitable conditions for
preparing a large amount of protoplasts from Porphyra were determined in advance, i.e. pH of reaction mixture,
the concentration of each enzyme, and time and temperature of reaction mixture,
and so on. After getting protoplast, it was subjected to freeze dry so its
nutrient qualities were retained. Freeze-dried Porphyra protoplast was ground into powder form manually by mortar
and fed to the test animals. The particle size of
protoplast product was varied from several to several ten m depending
on the level of enzymatic reaction process.
Protoplasts
are cells that have had their cell wall completely or partially removed using
either mechanical or enzymatic means. Therefore protoplasts are easily
digestible when ingested by animals as food. In the present experiment we
investigated preliminarily the availability of this Porphyra protoplast as a live food substitute or a food supplement for
culturing various aquatic animals, like bivalves, fish, and so on.. In this paper we summarize the rearing results obtained
in a bivalve species (manila clams : Ruditapes philippinarum) and a marine
fin-fish (red sea bream : Pagrus major).
Salmon farmers have taught us that fish really can be farmed
at sea to produce high quality, nutritious, affordable seafood. Based on what
they have learned, new aquaculture species and new methods of open sea farming
are being developed in several parts of the world. This paper reviews lessons
leaned from salmon farming and questions that have still to be resolved before
offshore aquaculture of new species can achieve a similar status, as a supplier
of affordable seafood to millions of people.
Specifically it examines why salmon farming succeeded so well? What
lessons have been learned in the market? What technologies have been developed
that can be applied to new species in offshore farms and what technologies are
still needed?