start of page 289

Index

Ad Hoc Committee To Study the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, U.N., 146, 147

AEC (see Atomic Energy Commission).

Air Force, Department of, Aircraft meteorological instrumentation, 189

Aircraft:

Commission recommendation: Aircraft-of-opportunity program, 193
Oceanographic data collection, 192, 193

AMVER (see Automated Merchant Vessel Reporting System).

Applications Technology Satellites (ATS):

ATS-3 omega position locating equipment, 193
Oceanographic research capabilities, 193

Coastal zone activity, 54
Commission recommendation: advancement, encouragement, support, 118
Definition, 115-117
Future possibilities, 12, 116, 118
Government support, 240
Present status in United States, 115, 116
Summary of yields, chart, 116, 117

Channel and harbor improvement financing, 65
Chesapeake Bay research program, 67
Coastal engineering methods, 33, 81
Coastal erosion study authorization, 65
Coastal zones:

Management role, 56, 61, 62
Monitoring role, 68
Research role, 67

Commission recommendations:

Coastal erosion study reexamination, 65
Offshore development, 70
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 amendment, 76, 77

Dredging activities, 252
Gulf of Mexico fairways establishment, 54, 55
Lake Survey charts, 210
Navigable waterways construction regulations enforcement, 217
Pollution control, construction activities effects, 76
Port and harbor modernization role, 66
Relation to Coastal Zone Authorities, 59
Responsibilities in marine activity, 228, 232

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC):

Coastal zone monitoring role, 68
Coastal zone research expansion, 81
Commission recommendations:

Offshore development, 70
Pilot continental shelf nuclear plant, 10, 70, 161
Pollution control authority, 77

Federal oceanography laboratories funding, 205, 206
Marine research funding, 24
NODC establishment agreement, 219
Nuclear technology for harbor evacuation studies, 252
Pollution control, nuclear power plant effects, 77
Power sources f'or marine resources development, 161, 167
Role in Federal marine program, 232, 235

Automated Merchant Vessel Reporting System (AMVER), description, 216

Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX), 196

BCF (see Bureau of Commercial Fisheries).

Biological research:

Extracting drugs from the sea, 119, 120
Fishery yields, 98-100
Oceanic ecosystems dynamics, 172, 173
Sea plants sources, 118

Budget for marine science program, proposed:

Activities not included, 252
Cost estimates, 254-257
Efficiency considerations, 251
Funding considerations, 251, 252
Levels of funding for recommended activities, 1970-80, chart, 253
Methods of costing, 251
Non-Federal expenditures exclusion, 252
Present Federal funding level estimation, 252, 253
Projected costs of program, chart, 255

Commission recommendation: technology support, 191, 192
Data collection and transmission capabilities, 191

Aquaculture research, 240
Average budget increase, 252
Cooperation with Navy, ships-of-opportunity program, 188

start of page 290

Marine fisheries:

Equipment development, 101
Survey program, 99

NODC establishment agreement, 219
Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 234, 235
Proposed responsibilities under NOAA, 239, 240
Research expenditures, 98
Technology development, 33

Bureau of Mines, ocean mining responsibilities, 141

Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, establishment, 70

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife:

Estuarine study, 63
Proposed responsibilities under NOA4, 239, 240
Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory program, 240
Research program, 67

Canada:

Cooperation with United States in international fisheries management, 104, 107-109
Offshore coal mining, 132

Chemical research, sea plant sources, 118

Chile, continental shelf definition, 145

Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966:

Coastal zones management aid, 57
Estuaries study authorization and requirements, 63

Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S.:

Consolidation under ESSA, 241
Continental shelves mapping program, 211
Maps and charts publication responsibility, 210
NODC establishment agreement, 219

Auxiliary assistance to States in recreational boating safety, 216
Average budget increases, 252
Coastal zone:

Management, 56
Monitoring role, 68

Cooperation with Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 240
Cooperation with Geological Survey and Navy, mapping and charting, 210
Gulf of Mexico fairways establishment, 54, 55
Marine law enforcement authority, 217
National Data Buoy System program, 191
National navigation system responsibility, 213-214
Polar exploration responsibilities, 244
Port and harbor modernization role, 67
Present status and function, 236-238
Proposed role in NOAA, 232, 234, 235, 238, 239
Radiosonde observations, 188
Rescue services, 216
Vessel certification responsibility, 215

Coastal Management Act, Commission recommendation, 57

Coastal Zone Laboratories:

Commission recommendations:

Establishment, 29
Institutional funding, 242, 243

Establishment and role, 9, 10
Federal laboratories research coordination, 67
Funding and costs, 40, 44, 81
Objectives, 27, 29
Pollution control, 75
University affiliation, 69

Aquaculture, 54
Commission recommendations:

AEC/Corps of Engineers/DOT/NOAA development feasibility studies, 70
Federal and State agencies' role in monitoring and research, 68
Monitoring and research instrumentation development, 68
Monitoring and research program leadership, 68
NOAA participation in surveys and inventories, 63
NOAA responsibilities, 62
Offshore leasing procedures, 72
Recreation development, 71
University training assistance, 69

Description, 49
Development:

Onshore operations, 69, 70
Recreation, 70, 71
"Seasteads," 70, 71

Division of authority, 51, 52
Environmental problems, 8
Fisheries, 53, 54
Geographic scope, 51
Great Lakes restoration 10, 77-78, 81
Interim policies 10
Management:

Development framework, 69

start of page 291

Federal aid to States, 57
Federal role, 50, 60-62
Federal/State coordination, 61, 62
Local authority, 56
Personnel needs 68, 69
Planning needs, 62
Program costs, 79-81
Reorganization needs, 49
Responsibility, 8, 9, 56
State authority, 56, 57
State boundary determination, 62, 63

Monitoring and research:

Monitoring needs, 68
Research needs, 67, 68
Significance, 67

Oceanic zones (see also Zones under international law).
Offshore water use, 55, 56
Oil and mineral exploitation, 55, 56
Percentage of population living in coastal countries, chart, 2
Pollution:

Action programs, 76, 77
Characteristics, 73, 74
Control objectives, 74-76
Problem, 10, 72, 73

Recreational activity summary, chart, 52
Relationship of internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, and the continental shelf, chart, 51
Research needs, 27, 67
Resource activities, 54, 55
Resource surveys, 13, 139-141
Science and technology, 9, 10
"Seasteads," 70, 71
Shoreline development, 52, 53
Significance, 49
Surveys and inventories:

Coastal erosion, 65
Estuarine inventory, 63, 65
Ports and harbors, 65, 66

Usage intensiflcation, 52

Commerce, Department of (see also Environmental Science Services Administration; Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Applied Meteorological Research).

Marine industry development assistance, 159, 160
Marine research funding, 24
National Weather Records Center funding, 220
State Technical Services Program, 101

Activities of the members, 281
Administrative organization, 279, 280
Assistance from private and professional groups, 282
Contract studies and reports, 283, 284
Establishment, 266, 278
Interaction with other groups and individuals, 281, 282
International Panel, membership, 280
Legislative authority, 279
Material utilized, 281
Membership, 278
Panel on Basic Science, membership, 280
Panel on Environmental Monitoring and on Management and Development of the Coastal Zone:

Activity, 280
Functions and programs of Federal agencies, 182
Identification of increase in coastal zone usage, 52
Membership, 280

Panel on Industry and Private Investment, membership, 280
Panel on Manpower, Education, and Training, membership, 280
Panel on Marine Engineering and Technology:

Fixed Continental Shelf Laboratories, 162-164
Fresh water restoration project, 78
Industrial technology in ocean resources development, 161
Membership, 280

Panel on Marine Resources:

Fishermen's net economic return improvement, 94
Membership, 280

Papers submitted, 284, 285
Relationship with National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 281
Reports, 283
Staff makeup, 281

Commissions:

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 96
Commission on Weather Modifications, NSF, 171
Federal Power Commission, 127-130
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, 113
Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, 96
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 169, 175, 199, 200, 205
International Joint Commission for the Great Lakes, 78

start of page 292

National Seashore Boundary Commission, 63
Pacific Halibut Commission 92, 93
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 96
Public Land Law Review Commission, 136

Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone:

Coastal zones management, 56
Port modernization study, 66

Committee on Oceanography, NAS:

Assistance to the Commission, 282
Ocean maps, 209
Ocean research review, 194
"Oceanography, 1960-1970," 278
"Oceanography 1966," 279

Ad Hoc Committee To Study the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction (U.N.), 146, 147
Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, NAS, 198
Committee on Multiple Uses of the Coastal Zone, 56, 66
Committee on Ocean Engineering, NAE, 282
Committee on Oceanography, NAS, 194, 209, 278, 279, 282
Committee on Petroleum Resources Under the Ocean Floor, 144-146
Disarmament Committee, U.N., 3, 4
Interagency Committee on Ocean Exploration and Environmental Services, 182, 183
Interagency Committee on Oceanography, 17, 278
Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences, 183
National Advisory Committee for the Oceans (NACO), 19, 39, 40, 165, 245-247
Ocean Science and Technology Committee, NSIA, 282
President's Science Advisory Committee, 157, 169, 194, 210, 278, 279
Public Land Law Review Commission, 136

Bill H.R. 12601, Presidential veto, 279
Commission recommendation: pollution control status reports from Interior Dept., 76
Committee jurisdiction over executive agencies in marine science, chart, 248
Oversight of marine activities, 247-249

Coastal zone recreation areas, 60
Fisheries, 12, 90-95
Great Lakes restoration, 10, 77-78
International fisheries management, 104
Marine resources, 10
Natural preserves for study, 10

Continental Shelf (see also Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953):

Approximate delineation of continental shelves and intermediate zones as proposed, maps, 152, 153, 154
Commission recommendations:

Amendment of Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 156, 157
Guaranteeing private investment, 156
Leasing beyond the 200-meter isobath, 156
New deflnidon, 145, 146

Existing definition, 143
Fixed continental shelf laboratories, 162-164
International Registry Authority:

Creation of an intermediate zone, 151-154
Dispute settlement, 150, 151
Policies on all industry registered claims, 154, 155
Policing functions, 150
Powers and duties of registering nations, 150
Proposed claims registration procedure, 147-149
Proposed funding procedure, 149, 150
Proposed interim action, 155-157

Line profiles of different points off the U.S. coast, chart, 124
Mapping, 210, 211
Portable continental shelf laboratories, 164
Subsea areas beyond the shelf and recommended legal-political arrangements, 146, 147
Truman Proclamation of 1945, 145
Uncertainties and recommended redefinition, 143-145
U.S./industry cooperation on registry claims, 154, 155

Capabilities and functions, 162-164
Estimated cost, 167
Objectives, 10, 11
Test facilities for undersea navigation technology, 214

Definition, 143
"Median line" principle, 151
National sovereignty, 50, 51, 143

start of page 293

Research restrictions, 202, 203
Scientific Investigation requirements, 205

Adoption, 109
Need for international compliance, 112-114

National sovereignty, 49, 50
Submersible requirements in territorial waters, 203
Territorial sea clarification, 111, 204

Data acquisition, processing, and dissemination:

Commission recommendations:

Coordinated system of data centers, 221
Cost estimate, 224
Data centers' restrictions, 220

Data services available, 218, 219
Workings of the data system, chart, 219

Capabilities and function, 180
Cost estimate, 206

Commission recommendations:

Manner and unmanned probing, 176
National needs considerations, 175
Navy/NOAA deep ocean stations, 178

International cooperation, 174, 175
Landmarks in the development of ocean technology, chart, 6
Technological requirements, 16, 17, 176, 177

Defense, Department of (DOD) (see also Air Force; Army Corps of Engineers; Military Sea Transport Services; Navy; Office of the Special Assistant for Environmental Services of the Joint Chiefs of Staff).

Marine-related military programs, 252
Marine resources development, technology transfer, 165
Marine science research, 5, 30
NEMPS data processing and forecasts issuance, 185
Polar exploration responsibilities, 244
Specialized marine environmental monitoring needs, 184

Department of Commerce (see Commerce, Department of).

Department of Defense (see Defense, Department of)

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (see Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of).

Department of Housing and Urban Development (see Housing and Urban Development, Department of).

Department of the Interior (see Interior, Department of).

Department of the Navy (see Navy, Department of).

Department of State (see State, Department of).

Department of Transportation (see Transportation, Department of).

Desalination programs, 137-139

Disarmament Committee, U.N., ocean floor arms limitation, 3, 4

Drugs from the sea, 12, 119

Economic Development Administration:

Marine resources capital investment, 159, 160
Port and harbor modernization role, 66

Continental shelf definition, 145
Marine fishery dispute, 108, 109

Commission recommendations:

Expansion of support, 43
NOAA responsibility for statistics and coordination, 43, 44
Postdoctoral and midcareer orientation, 43, 44

Funding sources for principal marine science institutions, map, 31
Graduates and enrollees in marine science programs, chart, 42
National Sea Grant Program support, 43, 44
NSF support, 43
Principal marine science laboratories and institutions, map, 28

Environmental Data Service, ESSA, 219

Environmental research (see also Marine ecology).

Commission recommendations:

Balanced effort in research, exploration, and technology, 170
Environmental modification study, 198
National monitoring program, 171
Table, 274, 275

Damage by man, 1
Deep sea exploration, 16-17, 174-178
Environmental modification. 17, 197-198

start of page 294

Global environmental programs:

Cost estimates, chart, 207
Fundamental technology programs, 206
Global monitoring systems, 206
Research and exploration programs, 205, 206

Military/civilian roles, 16, 183-185
Monitoring and prediction system, 15, 16, 206, 207
Oceanographic effects, 2, 3, 169-171

Aircraft meteorology instrumentation, 189
Average budget increases, 252
Coastal zone monitoring role, 68
Cooperation with Coast Guard, Geological Survey, and Navy in mapping and charting, 210
Cooperation with NASA in weather satellite program, 187
Establishment and purpose, 182
Mapping and charting responsibilities, 209-212
Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 234, 235
Planned geophysical survey, 139, 140
Polar exploration responsibilities, 244
Present responsibilities, 241
Proposed responsibilities under NOAA, 241
Radiosonde observations, 188
Weather and marine information system, 184
Weather modification responsibilities, 198
Weather service program, 252

ESSA meteorological satellites, oceanographic capabilities, 193

Executive Office of the President:

Establishment of NOAA, 246, 247
Legislative requirements, reports on marine science accomplishments, 265, 266

FDA (see Food and Drug Administration).

Federal Council for Science and Technology (see also Interagency Committee on Oceanography; Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences).

Federal Laboratories:

Commission recommendation: strengthening, 29
Consolidation of civil agencies in-house labs, 29
Financial support, 44

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA):

Coastal zone:

Management role, 62, 252
Research, 67

Commission recommendations:

Pollutant and pollution loads research, 76
Role in Great Lakes restoration, 78

Costs, 81
Estuary survey, 63
Research and development program, 77
River inflow monitoring, 68
Statutory requirement, 29

Fish Protein Concentrate Program

Commission recommendation: expanded support, 103
Technology development, 102-104

Commission recommendations:

Excess fishing curtailment, 93
Extension services establishment, 101
Fishery analysis and exploitation, 98
Fishing technology program, 101
International agreement on catch limit for cod and haddock fisheries of North Atlantic, 105, 106
International fishery commission financing, 114
International provisions, enforcement and regulations, 114
Management aims, 92
National catch quotas for high seas fisheries of North Pacific, 108
National priorities, policies, and regulation, 96, 97
Preferential treatment of coastal nations, 110, 111
Rationalize U.S. fishing effort in North Atlantic, 108
Removal of restriction of foreign built vessels and equipment, 98
Settlement of disputes and problems arbitration, 114, 115
Stock assessment, surveys, and exploratory fishing, 100, 101
Stock improvement research programs, 89
Strengthening international fishery organizations, 111-113
Territorial seas agreement, 111

Domestic fisheries management and rehabilitation:

start of page 295

Federal and State roles, 95, 96
Fishing industry decline, 94, 95

Estuarine habitat areas lost to filling operation, chart, 54
Estuarine habitats, 53, 54
Extension services, 101-104
Food potential, 88, 89
Increasing gap between world food needs and food supply, chart, 87
International cooperation, 93
International fisheries management:

Administrative organization, 113, 114
Commission evaluation, 105
Dispute settlement procedure, 114, 115
Existing framework, 104, 105
National catch quotas, 105-109
Objectives, 104
Regulation enforcement, 114
Total expenditures and U.S. funding, 113

Management:

Need for regulating fisheries, 11, 12, 90-92
Objectives, 93, 94

Proposed rehabilitation by NOAA, 239, 240
Research, technology, and survey programs, 12, 98-101
Trends in the U.S. and world catch of fish, chart, 89
U.S. economic improvement, 11
Vessel subsidy programs, 97, 98
World production and demand, 89, 90

Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, Calif., 184

FLIP surface platform, 177

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 90, 111, 199

Food and Drug Administration (FDA):

Fish protein concentrate program, 102
Marine law enforcement functions, 217

France (see also Conshelf project), satellite interrogation of free floating platforms, 193

FWPCA (see Federal Water Pollution Control Administration).

Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea (see Convention on the Continental Shelf; Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone; Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas).

Geological mapping and analysis programs:

Commission recommendation: reconnaissance surveys and analysis, 140
Coordination of programs need, 140, 141
Cost estimate, 167
Pre-investment surveys need, 139-141

Capabilities and responsibilities, 141, 228
Cooperation with Coast Guard, ESSA, and Navy in mapping and charting, 17
River inflow monitoring, 68

Great Britain, Offshore coal mining, 132

Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, funding, 113

Great Lakes Restoration Feasibility Test Project:

Commission recommendation: establishment and FWPCA responsibility, 78
Funding requirements, 81

Fairways establishment, 54, 55
JOIDES deep sea drilling project, 123
Offshore platforms, environmental observation instruments, 188

Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of (HEW) (see also Food and Drug Administration; Institute of Marine Medicine and Pharmacology; Public Health Service), marine drugs screening, 12, 119

HEW (see Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of).

Homestead Act of 1862, influence on seastead concept, 72

Honduras, marine fishery dispute, 108, 109

Housing Act of 1954, 57

Housing and Urban Development, Department of (HUD), role in coastal zones management, 56

HUD (see Housing and Urban Development, Department of).

Hurricane Warning Service, Commission recommendation: data networks expansion, 190

Icebergs:

Commission recommendation: forecasting and remote sensing of sea ice, 190
Motion and deformation of sea ice prediction capability, 190

ICSU (see International Council of Scientific Unions).

start of page 296

IGOSS (see Integrated Global Ocean Station System).

Industry:

Capital investment and requirements, 159, 160
Federal and State regulations and support, 13, 14
Fishing vessels' exemption from Coast Guard certification regulation, 215
Fresh water resources, 137-139
Fundamental technology support, 5, 6, 35-37, 134, 161
Geological and geophysical surveys, 13, 139-141
Government/industry relationship in developing marine resources, 13, 14, 83, 157-166
Mapping and charting role, 210
Marine fisheries development, 10, 89-101, 239, 240
Merchant ship instrumentation for environmental observations, 188
Minerals development, 13, 130-137
Natural gas development, 127-130
Oceanographic research effects, 170
Oil, gas, and mineral exploitation, 10, 13, 54, 55
Petroleum development, 122-127
Transfer of technology, 164, 165
United States/industry cooperation on continental shelf claims, 154, 155

Instrument testing and calibration, 221-223

Institute of Marine Medicine and Pharmacology, HEW, Commission recommendation, 12, 120, 121

Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS):

Description, 200
U.S. participation, 16

Coordination of Federal environmental monitoring programs, 182
Responsibilities, 183

Interagency cooperation:

AEC/Army Corps of Engineers/DOT/NOAA in offshore development feasibility study, recommendation, 70
Army Corps of Engineers/Fish and Wildlife Service/FWPCA/NOAA in coastal zone research, 10, 67
Army Corps of Engineers/Interior Dept./State Coastal Zone Authority/NOAA in coastal zone management, 61
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries/Navy/ESSA in ships-of-opportunity program, 188
Coast Guard/Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in fish species charting, 240
ESSA/NASA in national weather satellite program, 187
ESSA/NASA/DOD in environmental monitoring and prediction, 241
FWPCA/Geological Survey in river inflow monitoring, 68
Mapping and charting, 210
Marine technology, Navy and others, 7, 38-40, 235
Meteorological coordination, 244, 245
NASA/Navy in spacecraft oceanography, 187
Navy/Coast Quard in military preparedness, 238
NODC establishment and funding, 219, 220
Polar exploration, 243, 244
Port and waterway study, recommendation, 66

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968, 101, 102

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) (see also Integrated Ocean Station System).

Capabilities, 199, 200
Deep ocean exploration coordination and planning, 175
Establishment and activities, 199
IGOSS planning, 200
Scientific investigation certification, 205
Tsunami Warning System coordinating responsibility, 200
U.S. participation, 169

Coastal zones management, 56, 61, 62
Commission recommendations:

Estuarine studies, 65
Fresh water desalination program, 137-139
Pollution control status report to Congress, 76

Federal regulations enforcement authority, 127
Marine geological survey program, 139, 140
Marine research funding, 23
Ocean mining:

Funding, 141
Guidelines, 136

Pollution control, State regulatory standards, 75
Responsibility in marine activities, 228, 239, 240
Role in marine minerals development, 141
Water pollution from boats, estimates, 74

start of page 297

International Biological Program, 175

International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, 104

International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF):

Commission recommendations:

National catch quotas, 105, 107-109
National catch quotas establishment, 105, 106
U.S. participation, 104
Working Group on Joint Biological and Economic Assessment of Conservation Actions, 109

International Convention on the Conservation and Protection of North Pacific Fur Seals, 104

International Convention on the Great Lakes Fisheries, 104

International Convention on the High Seas, 50

International Convention on the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific (INPFC):

National catch quotas, 108, 109
U.S. participation, 104

International Convention on the Protection, Preservation, and Extension of the Salmon Fishery of the Fraser River System, 104

International cooperation (see also Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; United Nations; World Meteorological Organization).

Agreement for Regulation of Whaling, 104
Canada/United States, fisheries management, 104, 107-109
Columbia/United States, marine fishery dispute, 108, 109
Commission recommendations:

Intergovernmental organization on oceanography, 200, 201
National catch quotas, 105-107
Principle of maximum freedom for scientific inquiry, 202
U.S. action to encourage freedom of scientific research, 204, 205

Communications improvement, 189
Continental shelf:

Creation of an intermediate zone, 151-154
Dispute settlement, 150, 151
Policing functions for the registry authority, 150
Powers and duties of registering nations, 150
Proposed claims registration procedure, 147-149
Proposed funding for International Registry Authority, 149, 130

Deep ocean exploration, 174, 175
Difficulties arising from Truman Proclamation of 1945, 145
Ecuador/United States, marine fishery dispute. 108, 109
Environmental monitoring and prediction, 16
Fish protein concentrate program, 102
Global environmental monitoring system, 198-201
Honduras/United States, marine fishery dispute, 108, 109
International fisheries management, 15, 93, 104, 105
International Registry Authority, 155-157
Japan/United States in fisheries management, 104, 107-109
Mexico/United States in fisheries management, 104, 108-109
NOAA participation in international programs, 235
Ocean mining legal-political framework, 141-143
Panama/United States marine fishery dispute, 108, 109
Peru/United States marine fishery dispute, 108, 109
Preferential treatment of the coastal nation, 108-111
Research restrictions under existing legal framework, 201-203
U.N. arms limitations, 3, 4
U.N. role in international fisheries management, 90, 104
United States/foreign industry cooperation on registry claims, 154, 155
U.S.S.R./United States in fisheries management, 104, 107
World Weather Program, 3, 16, 200

Constituent groups related to marine sciences, 199
Ocean exploration advice, 175

Commission recommendation, 175
Proposed NOAA participation, 242, 243
Submersibles contribution, 180
U.S. expenditures, 206
U.S. proposal, 3, 174, 175

Ocean survey data standardization and dissemination, 199
U.S. commitments, 175

start of page 298

Interrogation, Recording, and Location System (IRLS) 193

IOC (see Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission).

IRLS (see Interrogation, Recording, and Location System).

Japan:

Cooperation with U.S. in fisheries management, 104, 107-109
Offshore coal mining 132

Lakes Survey, United States:

Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 235
Present responsibilities, 241
Proposed responsibilities, 241, 242

South Atlantic sediment studies, 173
Status, 25

Commission recommendation: utilization for wetland acquisition, 60
Land acquisition funds, 80, 81

Latin America marine fishery disputes, 109-111, 144

Manned ocean habitats:

Commission recommendation: advanced deep ocean stations, 178
Cost estimates 206
Future capabilities, 177, 178

Agency responsibilities and industry role, 209, 210
Bathymetric and geophysical characteristics of the continental shelf, 210, 211
Commission recommendations:

General ocean mapping program, 210
Mapping of bathymetry and geophysics of U.S. waters and continental shelves, 211
Nautical charting activities acceleration, 212
Survey equipment development, 213

Cost estimates, 224
Nautical charting surveys, 211, 212
Survey technology needs, 212, 213
Terminology, 209

Commission recommendation: Federal organization, 227-230
Congressional oversight, 247, 249
Federal agencies currently associated with marine science, chart, 228
National program need, 1, 4, 17
National significance, 19
Need for reorganization, 17-19, 247, 249
Overseeing the national program, 244, 245
Proposed operational planning and coordination of a Federal program, 244, 245

Marine ecology:

Aquaculture contributions, 115
Beneficial and detrimental modifications, 198
Commission recommendation: prediction capabilities development, 197
Definition, 266
Poisonous marine organisms, 120
Prediction capabilities, 197

Federal funding categories, 183
Limiting factors, 181, 182
Products of the present system, 183, 184
Systems operations, 182, 183

Areas of concentration, 141
Earth's crust research and ocean resources survey, 172
Need for geological survey programs, 139-141
Profile of the continents and oceans, 140
Theory of the continental drift, map, 172

Commission recommendation: calibration and testing program, 223
Testing and calibration standards, 221, 223

Commission recommendations:

Defining areas beyond continental shelf, 147
Government role in support of resource development, 157
Industrial capital sources and requirements, 159, 160
Industry role in support of resource development, 157, 158
Legal and regulatory framework for safeguarding industrial investment, 160
Offshore oil leasing and regulation, 124-127
Program costs, 166, 167

Dockside value of resources, 158
Domestic marine resource-based industry, present status, chart, 159
Drugs, 12, 119-121

start of page 299

Fresh water resources and desalination, 137-139
Hard mineral resources:

Current state of ocean mining, 132, 133
Delegation of Government responsibility, 141
Exploration and development guidelines, 136
International legal-political framework, 141-157
Legal and regulatory considerations, 135-137
Necessity for development, 130
Present world resource status, 130-132
Technological considerations and obstacles, 133-135

Industrial activities and needs, 13, 158, 159
National resource policy, 10, 83-86
Need for government/industry cooperation, 85, 186
Need for international cooperation, 85
Power source technology for resource development, 161, 162
Proposed 10-year cost breakdown, chart, 166
Research, technology, and survey programs, 12
Resource activities in coastal zone, 54, 55
Resource surveys, 13, 139-141
Sea plants, research and uses, 11, 118
Technology services to support industry activities, Government responsibility, 161

Annual report requirement, 247
Content summary, 279
Executive responsibility, 247
International cooperation, 3
Text, 261-266

Commission recommendations:

Fundamental technology, 36, 37
National ocean program objectives, 23, 32
National projects, 37
Navy/NOAA liaison on fundamental technology, 40
Scientific and technical information and extension program, 44

Costs, 44-47
Definition, 266
Federal agencies currently associated with marine science, chart, 228
Federal agencies' laboratories, 29
Fundamental technology:

Comparison with applied technology, 35, 36
Government/industry/university cooperation, 36, 38-40
Instrumentation need, 36
Support needs, 36

Government role, 21, 22, 33, 157
Industry role, 33, 158, 161
Information dissemination, 44, 164, 165
International apparatus, 199
Materials and instrumentation needs, 5, 7, 35, 36, 221-223
National capability, 21, 33
National projects, 7, 37, 38
Navy role, 7, 8, 40
Objectives, 5, 23, 31, 32, 37
Research facilities, 4, 5, 25, 26
Research support diversity, 30
Significance, 3, 4, 22, 23, 30, 31

Marine transportation:

Commission recommendation: study of port and waterway systems, 66
Growth and change, 65
Ports and harbors:

Fact-finding study, 66
Waterway deepening, 65, 66

Traffic congestion and control, 66, 215

Medical research:

Drugs developed from the sea, estimated cost, 167
Extracting drugs from the sea, 12, 119, 120

Hurricane development forecasting, 189, 190
Research programs coordination, 182, 183

Cooperation with United States, 104
Marine fishery dispute, 108, 109

Mobile Undersea Support Laboratory Project, 178

NACO (see National Advisory Committee for the Oceans).

NAE (see National Academy of Engineering).

NAS (see National Academy of Sciences).

NASA (see National Aeronautics and Space Administration).

National Academy of Engineers (NAE) (see also Committee on Ocean Engineering).

National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (see also Committee on Atmospheric Sciences; Committee on Oceanography).

Atmospheric behavior alteration by man, 171
Deep ocean exploration, 175
Mapping and survey programs importance, 210
Statement on marine science needs and accomplishments, 284

start of page 300

National Advisory Committee for the Oceans (NACO)

Commission recommendations:

Administrative make-up, 245, 246
Establishment and functions, 19, 245, 246

Government/industry/university participation, 39, 40
Technology transfer role, 165

Commission recommendation: cooperation with NOAA on satellite oceanography, 187, 188
Cooperation with ESSA in national weather satellite program, 187
Cooperation with Navy in spacecraft oceanography, 187
Earth resources program, sensor development, 187
Marine program funding problems comparison, 251
Marine research funding, 24
Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 235
Satellites, oceanographic applications, 210
Spacecraft use in environmental monitoring, 187
National Association of State Boating Law Administrators, 217

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), transfer of funding responsibility to NOAA, 243

National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development (see also Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone; Interagency Committee on Ocean Exploration and Environmental Services)

Commission recommendations: continuance, 18, 247
Coordination of Federal coastal activities, 56, 245
Establishment, 247, 262
International cooperation authority, 265
Marine activities planning and coordination 229
Marine data needs study, 232
National Data Buoy System Program initiation, 166
Present Federal funding level estimation, 253
Relationship with the Commission, 281
Responsibilities, 17, 247, 262, 263

National economy and marine program, effect, 170, 171

National Environmental Monitoring and Prediction System (NEMPS) (see also Marine environmental monitoring and prediction services)

Commission recommendations:

Development on a global basis, 201
Establishment and activities, 16, 184, 185, 231
Organization and management, 185, 186
Systems analysis, 194

Cost estimate, 207
Data collection devices, 191-194
Formation, 241
Immediate improvements possibility, 188-190
Initial data requirements for forecasts of given lengths, chart, 192
System operations, 184
Systems analysis, 194

National Multi-Agency Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan of September 1968, 75

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA):

Capabilities, 234-236
Commission recommendations:

Establishment, 230
Independent status, 233
Responsibilities, 245

Considerations dealing with proposed agency transfers, 236-244
Objectives and responsibilities, 4, 18, 246, 247
Operational planning and coordination of Federal marine activities, 244, 245
Organization and function, 230-234
Proposed budget, 258
Proposed make-up, chart, 233

Commission recommendations:

Administration and financing, 220
Federal support, 221
Functions, 220

Functions, funding, and organization, 219, 220
Oceanographic data indexes establishment, 219
Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 235

National Petroleum Council, Committee on Petroleum Resources Under the Ocean Floor:

Continental shelf redefinition, 144, 146
Evaluation of continental shelf redefinition, 144-146

start of page 301

Commission recommendations:

Establishment, 37
Government/industry cooperation, 39

Costs, 47
Definition and objectives, 37
Feasibility studies, 37, 38
List, 38
Management and support, 37

Coastal zone research expansion, 81
Commission recommendation: expansion of university support, 43
Cooperation with Navy, 210
Growth slowdown, 25
Marine research:

Funding, 23, 30, 205, 206
Program, 24
Support activities 227, 228

NCAR operation, 243
NODC establishment agreement, 219
Ocean crust structure and origin research program, 172
Polar exploration responsibilities, 243
Trends in funding, chart, 25
University-National Laboratory support, 5, 242
Weather modification research:

Elimination of responsibility, 198
Report, 198

National Sea Grant Program:

Aquaculture research, 240
Educational support, 43, 44
Marine science support, 25
Multidisciplinary cooperation stimulation, 40
Participation in NOAA organization, 232, 235, 242
Public uses of the sea, 17
Research laboratory financial support, 81
Technical services, 101

National security:

Oceanographic requirements, 170
Undersea operations, 3, 4

Cooperation with Commission, 282
Report submitted, 284

National Weather Records Center:

Commission recommendation, 221
Marine functions, 220

National Weather Service, recommended integration into NEMPS, 16

Natural Gas:

Current status, 127
FPC planning policy recommendation, 129, 130
National reserve-to-production ratio, 127, 128
New pipeline construction, 128
Research and technology accounting regulations, 128, 129
Wellhead price regulation, 128

Need to develop new sources, 84
Projected demand for given minerals to 1985 and 2000, chart, 85

Functions, 223
Nautical charts publication, 210

Commission recommendations:

Cost estimate, 224
Development work, 214, 215

Current capabilities, 213
National navigation system, 214
Positioning system needs, 213, 214
Submersibles, 214

Aircraft:

Meteorology instrumentation, 189
Remote oceanographic sensors, 187

Civilian technology contributions, 40
Coastal waters use, military operations, 55
Commission recommendation: cooperation with NOAA, 7, 163, 178
Cooperation with Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in ships-of-opportunity program, 188
Cooperation with Coast Guard, ESSA, and Geological Survey in mapping and charting, 210
Cooperation with NASA in spacecraft oceanography, 187
Cooperation with NSF in university ships support, 210
Environmental prediction services coordination. 182
Federal oceanography laboratories funding, 205, 206

start of page 302

Manned submersibles development, depth capabilities, 180
Mapping and charting responsibilities, 209, 210
Marine research, 5, 7, 8, 23, 24, 33, 227
Military sea areas, policing, 217
Navigational systems development, 213, 214
NODC establishment, agreement and operation, 219
Ocean crust structure and origin research program, 172
Ocean thermal structure analysis and prediction program, 188
Polar exploration responsibilities, 243, 244
Radiosonde observations, 188
Relationship with the Coast Guard, 238
Relationship with NOAA, 232, 235
Satellites, oceanographic applications, 210
"Ten Years in Oceanography," 278
Undersea defense operations, 3

NEAFC (see Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Convention).

NEMPS (see National Environmental Monitoring and Prediction System).

Newfoundland, offshore iron mining, 132

NIH (see National Institutes of Health).

NIMBUS meteorological satellite:

IRLS flight tests, 193
Oceanographic research capabilities, 193

NODC (see National Oceanographic Data Center).

Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Convention (NEAFC), 105, 106

NSF (see National Science Foundation).

Nuclear arms race, restriction from oceans, 3, 4

Basic dredge types, chart, 134
Continental shelf dispute, 143-146
Current state, 132, 133
Delegation of Government responsibilities, 141
Federal support recommendation, 132, 133
International legal-political framework, 141-l57
Legal and regulatory considerations, 135-137

Oceanic Foundation, assistance to the Commission, 282

Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Applied Meteorological Research:

Coordination of Federal meteorological programs, 182, 183
Federal plan for marine meteorological services, 190

Acoustics research program, 30
Basic marine science research, 29, 30
Commission recommendation: oceanographic program expansion, 30
Growth slowdown, 25
Marine research funding continuance, 30
Trends in funding chart, 25
University-National Laboratories establishment effect, 242

Office of the Special Assistant for Environmental Services of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, DOD, 182

Omega Position Locating Equipment (OPLE), 193

ONR (see Office of Naval Research).

OPLE (see Omega Position Locating Equipment).

Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953:

Commission recommendations:

Flexibility to waive competitive bidding, 137
Amendment requiring Federal permission for mining, 156, 157

Competitive leasing system, 124, 136
Industrial criticism, 135

Pacific Halibut Commission, 92, 93

Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 96

Panama, marine fishery dispute, 108, 109

Personnel:

Commission recommendations:

NOAA authority, 43
NSF university support expansion, 43
University training support to coastal zone personnel, 69

Definition and status, 43
Sources, 44
Training support, 44, 68, 69

Continental shelf definition, 145
Marine fishery dispute, 108, 109

Commission recommendation: development rates, 127
Development of marine resources:

Current status, 122, 123
Domestic offshore expenditures, table, 123

start of page 303

Industry contributions to technology transfer, 164
Legal and regulatory considerations, 124, 126, 127
Technology advances and benefits, 123, 124

Domestic industry investment, 159
Information exchange, 124
Number of successful new offshore wells by year, chart, 122
Record water depths for producing and exploratory wells, chart, 122

Basic research, 194
Commission recommendations:

Ocean current systems study, 195
Oceanic scales of motion study, 197
Sea-air interaction processes study, 196

Research areas, 173, 194-197
Sea-air interaction, 195, 196
Wave analysis diagrams, 195

Commission recommendation, 192
Cost estimate, 207
Need, 16, 191

Capabilities and functions, 70, 161
Estimated cost, 167
Objectives, 11

Polar exploration, 173, 174, 243, 244

Pollution (see also Federal Water Pollution Control Administration; Great Lakes Restoration Feasibility Test Project; Water Quality Act of 1965).

Action programs:

AEC authority, 77
Army Corps of Engineers authority, 76
Legislation and financing, 76

Characteristics, 73, 74
Coastal research, 10
Commission recommendations:

AEC consideration of environmental effects of projects, 77
Enforcement review and funding, 77
FWPCA detection and analysis of pollutants, 76
National Commission establishment, 79
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, amendment, 76, 77
Status reports to Congress on State pollution abatement programs, 76

Control objectives:

International regulations, 75
Quality acceptability level determination, 75
Recognition, 74, 75
State quality standards, 75

Federal legislation compliance, 10
Funding requirements, 81
Hazards to marine resources, 2
Problem analysis, 72, 73
Technology status, 77
Waste management, 78

Economic expansion, 1
Food supply impact, 1, 84, 90
Increasing gap between world food needs and food supply, chart, 87
Recreational needs, 1, 2

Power Squadron, U.S, recreational boating educational programs, 216, 217

President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC):

Mapping and survey programs importance, 210
Ocean research review, 194
Panel on Oceanography:

Ecology considerations, 169
"Effective Use of the Sea", 278, 279
Government role in support of marine resource development, 157

PSAC (see President's Science Advisory Committee).

Public Health Service:

Coastal zone monitoring role, 68
Marine law enforcement functions, 217
Shellfish sanitation program, 252

Public Law 89-454 (see Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act of 1966).

Public Works and Economic Development Act, regional commissions, 56

Publications (see Appendix 4 for list of materials published by the Commission).

Puget Sound salmon fishery conservation program, 92

Recreation

Boating:

Certification authority, 215
Safety program, 216, 217

Commission recommendations:

Public provisions in marine plans, 71
Safety regulations for boats, 217

Growth, status, and government support, 70
Marine parks in the United States, map, 71
Urban waterfronts, 70, 71

start of page 304

Regulatory procedures:

Commission recommendations:

Enforcement functions cost estimate, 224
Marine law enforcement, 218
Updating safety standards, 215, 216

Federal and State enforcement activities, 217, 218
Vessel certification standards, 215

Oceanographic seminars sponsorship, 282
"Selecting Policies for the Development of Marine Resources," 284

Safety:

Accident rate, 1967, 215
Commission recommendations:

Cost estimates, 224
Diving equipment certification, 217
Recreational boating regulation, 217
Updating safety standards 215, 216

Recreational boating, 216, 217
Search and rescue services, 216
Traffic control system, 215
Underwater safety:

Emergency equipment, 217
Equipment certification, 217

Vessel certification, 215

Satellite oceanography:

Capabilities, 193, 194
Commission recommendations:

NASA/NOAA cooperation, 187, 188
Sensors development, 194

Mapping and charting, 210
NASA/Navy cooperation, 187

SBA (see Small Business Administration).

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 25

Sealab project, Navy, 162

SEAMAP, 172

Seamount Station Project, 178

"Seasteads," 70, 71

Ship-of-opportunity program:

Commission recommendation, 188, 189
Navy/Bureau of Commercial Fisheries cooperation, 188
World coverage, map, 189

Smithsonian Institution:

Coastal zone research expansion, 81
Oceanographic Sorting Center:

Biological and geological samples storage, 221
Commission recommendation, 221
Functions and funding, 220
Legislative requirements, 220, 221
Responsibility in marine activities, 228

State Coastal Zone Authorities:

Commission recommendations:

Administration of Federal grants, 62
Establishment, 8, 57
Federal grants coordination, 62
Federal legislation aid, 59

Coordination with Federal agencies, 61, 62
Federal financial support, 79
Functions and powers, 57-60
Interstate estuaries management, 60
Pollution control, 75
State response to proposal, 60

Marine fishery disputes, 109
Relation to NOAA, 235

Submerged Lands Act of 1953:

State boundary controversy, 62, 63
State ownership of seabed and subsoil, 51

Commission recommendation, 180
Construction standards, 215
Depth capabilities, 179, 180
Equipment, 179
Navigation needs, 214
Vehicle design, 178, 179

Taiwan, offshore coal mining, 132

Technical and operating services, program costs, 225

Test Facilities and Ocean Ranges Project, 38, 47

Texas University, assistance to the Commission, 282

Thompson and Co., J. I., Washington, D.C., "A Perspective of Regional and State Marine Environmental Activities: A Questionnaire Survey, Statistics and Observations," 283

Tiros satellite, oceanographic research capabilities, 193

TRANSIT navigation satellites, Navy, 213

Transportation, Department of (DOT):

Commission recommendation: port and waterway study initiation, 66
Marine research funding, 24

start of page 305

Offshore development role, 70

Truman Proclamation of 1945, 145

Tsunami Warning System:

Commission recommendation, 189
Coordinating responsibility, 200
Instrumentation needs, 189

U.N. (see United Nations).

U.N. International Maritime Consultative Organization, 75

United Nations (U.N.) (see also Ad hoc Committee To Study the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction; Disarmament Committee; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Organization; Office of Oceanography).

Arms limitations, 3, 4
International fisheries management, 104-106
Marine science organizations in or related to the U.N., chart, 201
Proposed Declaration of Principles for continental shelf registration, 155, 156
Proposed international registry authority, 149
U.S. proposal to encourage cooperation in the scientific investigation of the bed and subsoil of the high seas, 205

Coastal Zone Laboratories, establishment, 9, 10
University-National Laboratories, 5

Commission. recommendations:

Establishment, 27
Institutional funding, 242, 243

Establishment and role, 5, 27
Funding, 40, 44
International Decade of Ocean Exploration research, 175
Location, 27
Management, 26, 27
Need, 26
Research and exploration program, cost estimates, 205

Commission recommendation, 181
Cost estimates, 206
Future capabilities, 180, 181

Vessel subsidy program:

Estimated savings, 167
Recommended repeal, 98

Water Quality Act of 1965, 75

Water Resources Council, coastal zone interest, 56

Water Resources Planning Act of 1965:

Coastal zones management aid, 57
River basin commissions, 56

Weather Bureau, U.S.:

Consolidation under ESSA, 241
NODC establishment agreement, 219

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution:

Gulf Stream structure research, 173
Status, 25

Capabilities, 200
ESSA membership, 241
International weather observing program, 188
Meteorology and fisheries studies, 190
Real-time data exchange, 199
U.S. participation, 16, 169
World Weather Program sponsorship, 200

Description, 200
U.S. participation, 16, 244, 245
U.S. support, 3

Zones under international law:

Contiguous zone, 50
Continental shelf, 50, 51
High seas, 50
Internal waters and territorial sea, 49, 50